Mine car loading apparatus



Jan. 30, 1934. E. c. MORGAN MINE] CAR LOADING APPARATUS Original Filed Feb. 17, 1923 4 Sheets-Sheet l fgvercfor:

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E G Mag .Erealfrbr 0- .EMoryam Jan. 30, 1934. E. c. MORGAN MINE CAR LOADING APPARATUS 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Deceased Original Filed Feb. 17, 1923 EC-IMO A TTOR NE Y3 Jan. 30, 1934. 5 MORGAN 1,944,993

MINE CAR LOADING APPARATUS Original File d Feb. 17. 1925 4 h e s-She 3 five/1250f: E Cl'MorgamDeceaced O. E M 0/9010. Execuzfrix Jam, 30, E Q MORGAN MINE cAR LOADING APPARATUS Original Filed Feb. '17 1923 4 Sheets-sheet 4 llllllllll A WKAK Patented Jan. 30, 1934 MINE CAR LOADING APPARATUS Edmund (J. Morgan, deceased, late of New York, N. Y., by Olive Eugenie Morgan, executrix, New York, N. Y., assignor to American Morgan Company, a corporation of Delaware Original application February 17, 1923, Serial No. 619,588. Divided and this application December 9, 1927. Serial No. 238,877

25 Claims.

mine car construction, and has for one of its objects the provision of mine cars particularly adapted for use in connection with extensible conveyer and loading mechanism.

Another object of the invention is the provision of means on mine cars adapted to receive and retain blocks of coal transferred up-grade to such mine cars.

Still another important object of the invention is the provision of means for flexibly connecting a train of these improved mine cars with said flexible connecting means, permitting the cars to be hauled over the track system of the mine, either empty or loaded, in a most eificient and satisfactory manner.

A further object of the invention is the provision of means on mine cars for blocking the ends thereof when the cars are hauled up or down grade, thus preventing the coal from slippmg.

Still another object of the invention is the provision of means on mine cars whereby the trough of each car in a train will be relieved of all pulling strain.

Another object of the invention is the provision of means on mine cars whereby the troughs of a train of such cars may move laterally in both directions relatively of their respective trucks so as to facilitate the hauling of the train around curves or onto and off from switch tracks.

A still further object of the invention is the provision of a non-fouling pivotal connection between the trough of a mine car and the trucks thereof.

Other objects of the invention will appear hereinafter, the novel features and combinations being pointed out in the claims hereto appended.

In the accompanying drawings- Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of the mine car train, the left-hand portion being shown partly in section;

Fig. 2 is a transverse sectional elevation of the truck mechanism of the mine car, the section being taken on the line 2-2, Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a plan View of one of the mine cars shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 illustrates one of the ends of the mine cars shown in Figs. 1 to 3;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged sectional elevation of the roller bearing, adapted to the wheels of the mine cars shown in Figs. 1 to 3;

Fig. 6 is an elevational view of mechanism adapted to be added to the sides of the mine cars shown in Figs. 1 to 3, to hold the blocks of coal in place;

Fig. 7 is an end view of the construction shown in Fig. 6, with the addition of mechanism for releasing the devices which hold the blocks of coal in place;

Fig. 8 is a plan view of a loading apparatus with which the mine cars may be used;

Fig. 9 is a sectional elevational view of Fig. 8, taken on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8, looking in the direction of the arrows;

Fig. 10 is a transverse sectional elevation of one of the mine cars, with belts both above and below the blocks of coal; and

Fig. 11 is a view taken on the line 11-11 of Fig. 8, looking in the direction of the arrows.

Referring now to the drawings in detail, particularly Fig. 1, a truck frame 5 is mounted on wheels 6 which are adapted to travel on rails 7 of a mine track. The truck frame 5 is provided with longitudinal passageways or recesses 8 to receive the coupling bars 9 and 10, respectively, pivoted at their inner ends at 11 and 12 to the central portion of the truck frame 5. As shown in Fig. 2, the truck frame 5 may be made comparatively heavy so as to enable the wheels 6 to have suficient traction on the rails to stay on the track. The truck frame 5 may be pivoted 85 at 13 and 14 to the axles 15 and 16, respectively. Springs may also be provided, as shown at 17 and 18 in Fig. 2.

Extending upwardly from the lateral central portions of the truck frame 5 are vertical side plates 19 and 20, at the upper ends of which are located longitudinal guides 21 and 22. Between the central portion of one truck frame and the central portion of the next adjacent truck frame is connected a trough having spaced-apart side walls 23 and 24, the ends of which are provided with vertical strips 25 and 26 which extend upwardly into the guides 21 and 22, as shown in Fig. 3.

The bottom of the trough is extended from the central portion of one truck frame 5 to the central portion of the next adjacent truck frame. The bottom 27 of the trough having the walls 23 and 24, has its ends pivoted at 28 and 29 to the truck frame 5. While the coupling bars 9 and 10 are pivoted at their ends to the same bolts that the ends of the bottom 27 are pivoted. it should be noted that the pulling strain between the trucks is taken by the coupling bars 9 and 10,- because the ends of the coupling bars 110 fit closely on the pivot bolts 11 and 12, while the ends of the bottom 27 have a loose fit, as shown in Fig. 1. This enables the trough to have an endwise movement relatively to the truck frame 5, thereby relieving the trough from pulling strain between the trucks.

Referring to Fig. 3, it will be seen that the ends of the bottom 2'? of the trough having the walls 23 and 24 are provided with edges 30, and 32, 32' which extend angularly from the pivots 28 and 29 toward the ends of the truck that are adjacent each other. The adjacent ends of the bottoms of the troughs are therefore provided with angular faces between them so that the train of troughs may move laterally in both directions relatively to the trucks. This arrangement enables the train of wheel-mounted troughs to move around curves in the mine track. For instance, if the train is hauled by a locomotive onto an angular switch-track the ends shown at 30 and 31 in Fig. 3 are free to approach the ends 32 and 33, respectively, while the guides 21, 22 at the sides of the truck frames co-operate with the pivots 28, 29, 34 and 35 to hold the troughs in the desired relation to the truck frames. Meanwhile the blocks of coal are carried in continuous series extending along the train of trough sections. If desired, the ends of the bottoms of the troughs may be beveled at their edges 30, 30' and 32, 32 so as to facilitate the movement of the troughs on their pivots by scraping up from the floor of the truck frame any small particles of coal which may have become lodged thereon.

The train of flexibly-connected troughs, as above stated, may be hauled along the mine track by a locomotive or some other means suitable for the purpose. The flexible connections on the upright axes between the train units readily permit the cars to pass around curves, or onto and off from switch tracks. Furthermore, if there are any irregularities on the tracks, tending to cause the train units to sway sidewise, the sides of the trough will bend to permit this. The troughs are made preferably of sufliciently thin plates of steel so as to be strong enough to handle the coal and at the same time have sufiicient flexibility to permit lateral swaying of the cars without undue strain on the trucks and the connections thereto.

In Fig. 4 is illustrated the form of the troughs at the ends of the train. The end troughs 36 are merely shorter in length, but are otherwise constructed and arranged as above described in connection with Figs. 1 to 3, inclusive. The train of troughs may be open at it ends, but where the train is transported up grade in the mine, removable vertical end gates 37 should be provided. These may be added by sliding them down along the vertical guideways 38 and 39. In order to hold the short troughs 36 in fixed relation to the frame 40, set screws 41 and 42 are mounted in position in the sides of the frame so to be engaged by the vertical angle iron strips 43 and 44 which are secured to the sides of the end trough 36.

In Fig. 5 is shown a roller bearing which may be used for the wheels 6 shown in Fig. 1. This roller bearing construction comprises end plates 45 and 46, secured to the reduced extension 4'? of the axle l5. Spaced-apart wheel bearings 48 and 49 are mounted on the ends of the extension 47. Frusto-conical cages 50 and 51 carry rollers 52 and 53, which rollers are frusto-conical in shape. These rollers are adapted to engage beveled bearing surfaces 54, 54' and 55, 55 on the interior of the wheel 6, the larger ends of the rollers fitting against annular bearings at 48 and 49. Circular gaskets 56 and 57 are mounted in circular recesses at the sides of the wheel 6 in position to seal the peripheral portions of the plates 45 and so from the interior of the wheel 6. All of the parts within the wheel are secured to the axle 15 by means of the bolt 58. In this manner the wheel 6 may be comparatively small and still be provided with the roller bearings shown. In fact the wheel, aside from the bearings, is composed of merely a rim. It should be understood that the end plates 45 and 46, together with the bearings 48 and so, are fixed to the axle 15 and remain stationary. The gaskets 56 and 57 co-operate with the plates 45 and 46 to retain lubricating material in the chamber 6 in which the ball bearings travel and also preclude dirt or foreign material from getting into said chambar from the exterior.

It should be particularly noted that not only is the track bearing surface chilled or hardened, as indicated at 59, but the interior roller bearing surfaces of the wheel rim are also chilled or hardened, as indicated at so and 60' for the roller bearings, is integral throughout. Therefore, by hardening the race-ways for the rollers, the wheel 6 may be made smaller than when additional mechanism to form such race-ways must be placed within the wheel.

As previously mentioned, the mine cars are particularly adapted for use in connection with extensible conveyor and loading mechanism, and this use is illustrated in Figs. 8 to 11, inclusive, but more fully set forth in co-pending application, Serial No. 619,588 granted July 31, 1928, as Patent No. 1,678,821. The extensible conveyor and loading mechanism illustrated in Figs. 8 to 11, inclusive, has been selected from one of the 1 forms of such mechanism originally shown in the above-identified co-pending application. This extensible conveyor and loading mechanism when in use is connected to a mining machine in such a manner as to extend around the corner of a coal pillar into an entry at right angles to the path of the mining machine. The dislodged column of coal is broken into blocks and directed onto the oonveyer and loading mechanism by which it is transported to the train of flexibly connected mine cars and deposited Within the troughs for transportation over the track system of the mine.

Referring now in detail to the extensible conveyer and loading mechanism illustrated in Figs.

8 to 11, inclusive, 62 is a flexible traveling belt for the reception of dislodged blocks of coal A. This belt 62 is adapted to lie on and slide along the mine floor and carry the blocks of coal into the curved chute 63 so as to impinge against the 1 vertical arcuate wall 6% thereof as shown in Fig. 8. The belt 52 ispreferably composed of steel, and is thin, flexible, hard and durable.

The belt 62 extends rearwardly to the winding mechanism 65, which may be operated whenever desired to convey some of the blocks of dislodged coal onto the loading apparatus.

The adjacent sectional columns of coal B have extending under them a conveyer comprising a plurality of spaced-apart wire ropes or cables 66 1 which are paid out fron a winding mechanism, (not shown). An additional rope may be attached at 6'7 to the vertical extension 68. The purpose of this rope will be more particularly referred to in a later part of the description. 1

It will be seen that the ropes 66 extend to a winding mechanism 69 mounted on the base plate 70. This base plate may be suitably anchored by roof jacks 70 and 70 During the operation of the mining machine the ropes are paid out but at such time the winding mechanism 69 is not operated except to maintain the ropes 66 taut; in this respect the operation of the winding mechanism 69 is similar to that of the winding mechanism 65, in keeping the ropes and belt conveyer taut and keeping the blocks of coal in alinement in readiness to be loaded into the train of mine cars, after the mining operation has been completed.

From the chute 63 the blocks of coal are delivered upon a belt 73, which in turn is paid out from a winding mechanism 74. Attached to the free end of the belt 73 is a cross-piece 75 to which a hook is adapted to be connected as at 76, the hook in turn being connected to the free end of a rope 77. The rope 77 is directed around pulleys 78 and 79 to the winding mechanism 80, mounted on the base plate 70. The direction pulleys 73 and 79 are pivoted on a frame 32, which may be held in fixed position by means of a roof jack 82'. When the blocks of coal have been loaded upon the mine cars by the belt 73, the belt is retracted from under the blocks by the winding mechanism 74 after the hook on the free end of the rope 77 is detached from the cross-piece 75.

When the operations are being carried on so that the blocks of coal will have to be moved upwardly along a steep grade, additions will have to be made as follows: From the frame 83 extends a belt or rope 84 to a winding mechanism 85 mounted on the frame 86. The belt or rope 84 passes along the inner surface of one arcuate wall of the chute 63. In a similar manner, the rope or belt 87 extends to the winding mechanism 88 along the inner surface of the opposite arcuate wall of the chute. When the blocks of coal are being loaded the winding devices 85 and 88 are operated simultaneously with the winding devices 65 and 69 to move the coal around the curved chute and up grade onto the belt 73 and into the train of troughs above described.

When the coal is being moved up-grade. it is also desirable to add a belt 89 and extend the same from the winding mechanism 90 over the top of the coal so as to cooperate with the belt 73 below the coal and thus move the latter upgrade into the train on which the coal is to be loaded. For this purpose the frame 82 is provided with two pairs of pulleys. The pulleys 78 and 79 are locatedin position to direct the rope 77, whereas the pulleys 91 and 91 are in position to direct the rope 92. Both of the ropes 77 and 92 are operated by the winding mechanism and these ropes are connected, respectively, at 76 and 93 to the belts 73 and 89. When the winding mechanism 80 is operated the belts 73 and 89 are pulled forwardly simultaneously while being paid out by their respective winding devices 74 and 90.

In order to more efiectively hold the coal in the train of troughs after the belts 73 and 89 have been uncoupled from their respective ropes 77 and 92 and retracted from the train by their respecting winding mechanism 74 and 90, longitudinal lateral pressure devices shown at 94 and 95 may be employed. By referring to Figs. 6, 7, and 10, it will be seen that these pressure devices may be in the form of plates 94 and 95 extending almost to the center of the truck, or the longitudinal center line thereof, and also extending almost the full length of one of the trough units. These plates 94 and 95 may be connected to angles including the vertical strips or bars 96 and 97, on both sides of the train, (see Fig. 6), which are adapted to slide vertically along the guides 98 and 99. The upper ends of vertical bars 96 and 97 are rigidly secured to the friction plate 94 on one side of the train and the bars 96 and 97 on the opposite side of the train are ecured to the plate 95. The lower ends of the bars 96 and 97 are connected at 96' and 97 to a leaf spring 100, which is in turn mounted on the knee plate 101 so as to exert a downward pull on the friction plate 94. The same arrangement is provided for the plate 95 on the opposite side.

The ends of the plates 94 and 95 are curved upwardly so that the coal may be moved under the plates with the upward lifting action against the downward pressure exerted by the leaf springs 100 on opposite sides of the train. The tension of the leaf springs may be adjusted by raising or lowering the knee plates 101 which support the springs on opposite sides of the troughs. To raise or lower these plates 101, the nuts 101 are removed from the bolt ends and the bolts then inserted through upper or lower sets of the openings 101 Adjustable stops are shown at 102 and 103 to limit the downward movement or lower position of the plates 94 and 95. By means of the adjustable stops 102 and 103, the plates 94 and 95 may be adjusted to a higher initial position than the position shown in Fig. 6. In this manner the initial height of the friction plates 94 and 95 may be adjusted in accordance with the thickness of the blocks of coal. The adjustments of the stops 102 and 103 are made by providing a series of vertically spaced openings 102' and 103' in the trough sides and with the stops secured by bolts 102 and 103 engaging in selective ones of said openings. The bolts may be transferred into different ones of the openings so as to raise or lower the stops as desired.

As shown in Fig. 7, manually operated releasing devices 104 and 105 may be provided at the sides of the trucks in position to engage the laterally extending flanges 106 and 107 to lift the friction plates 94 and 95 oif the blocks of coal in the train of troughs when it is desired to unload the coal from the train. These releasing devices 104 and 105 comprise manually operated crank handles 104' and 105' which rotate the curved lifting arms 104 and 105 against the under side of the flanges 106 and 107 and continued rotation of the cranks will lift the plates 94 and 95 to the desired elevation. The crank handles 104' and 105' are connected to the lifting arms 104 and 105 through the medium of worm gears housed as at 104 and 105 and mounted on the crank handle shafts 104 and 105 These worm gears mesh with pinions on the shafts 104 and 105 and the arms 104 and 105 are mounted on these shafts.

The mechanism of the manually operated releasing devices may be supported upon the end of standards 104 and 105 which in turn may be conveniently mounted from the trough sides or on the truck frame.

The use of worm gearing in the manually operated releasing devices 104 and 105 enables these devices to hold the plates 94 and 95 elevated above the coal without the aid of other holding means since the worm will not rotate in a reverse direction in response to the tension of the spring 100. The cranks will therefore have to be rotated in reverse to lower the plates.

These releasing devices 104 and 105 also serve the purpose of relieving the adjustable stops 102 and 103 of the tension of the spring 100 so that the stops may be easily transferred from one of the openings 102 and 103 to another.

Obviously those skilled the art may make various changes in the details and arrangement of parts without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims hereto appended and applicant wishes therefore not to be restricted to the precise construction herein disclosed.

Having thus fully described an embodiment of the invention, what applicant desires to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. In a material handling system for names, the combination of a train of and for loading said cars from one end of comprising a material conveyor and means for moving said conveyor over no botton. of said cars from end to end of the train.

2. In a material handling system for mines, the combination of a train, of flexibly connected troughs, and a conveyor belt for moving material into said troughs, winding mechanism for pulling said belt through one end oi train of troughs, and winding mechanism for retrievin said belt from said troughs.

3. In a material handling system for mines, the combination with a trough train, of a loading belt adapted to move along the "floor of the trough train, and means for directing onto belt the material to be loaded into said trough train.

l. In a material handling system for mines, in combination, a trough train and loading apparatus therefor comprising a conveyor belt, means for pulling said belt through the trough train to load the train from end to for disconnecting the belt pulling means when the belt has been pulled to the train end, means for holding the material in the trai and means for retrleving the belt from under material.

5. Material handling apparatus for mines co prising a train or" trough vertically spaced conveyer belts between which mater ii to be loaded into said troughs is moved over t e bottoms of the troughs, and for ret belts after the material has deposited within the troughs thereby.

6. In material handling apparatus, con1bination with mechanism for mo ing dislodged material up grade, of a trough t... receiving such material, springressed friction devices for holding the material in the trough train, and manually operated releasing means for said spring-pressed friction devices.

'7. In a material handling system or CD; the combination with a trough train cor a plurality or flexibly connected mine car sections, of a conveyor belt for receiving the coal to be loaded into the trough train, a channel for directing the coal to the t:. n and onto belt, means comprising vertical belts spaced-apart and located at the sides of said channel to engage the material an assist in its transfer to belt, means for pulling the belt along the trough train to load the coal therein, means for retracting said belt to slide it out from under the coal to leave the latter in the train.

8. In a material handling the combination with a loading be r floor of a train of cars, of an additional loading belt spaced above said first-named loading belt and adapted to engage the upper side or" the ma- I terial being loaded onto said train of cars, and means for pulling said belts simultaneously in the same direction along the floor of the train of cars to efiect loading of the material.

9. In material handling apparatus, the combination with loading apparatus comprising a conveyor belt non-endless but extensible as a continuous belt to various distances from a predetermined position, and means for delivering material from said belt into a train of cars by one continuous movement of said belt and while said cars remain stationary.

10. In material handling apparatus, the combination with loading apparatus comprising a conveyor belt extensible to various distances from a predetermined position, of means connected to one end of said belt ior pulling said belt along a train of cars, and means connected to the other end of said belt to retract the same and leave the material in said cars.

11. In material handling mechanism, the combination with loading apparatus comprising a winding device, of a material carrying conveyor belt wound thereon and extending therefrom, and means for extending said belt from said winding device for transferring material into a train of cars by one continuous movement of said belt and while said cars are stationary.

12. In material handling mechanism, the cornbination with a train of cars, of belt conveyer apparatus associated with said train of cars for delivering material thereto while said cars remain stationary, said conveyor apparatus comprising a winding device with a belt wound thereon and extending therefrom, and power-operated mechanism for operating said belt conveyer apparatus including means for applying a pull to the free end of the belt to unwind said belt from said winding mechanism to carry the material to the cars and deliver such material thereto one after another.

l3. In material handling mechanism, the combination with a train of cars, of extensible belt conveyor apparatus associated with said train of cars for delivering material thereto while said cars remain stationary, said belt conveyor apparatus comprising a belt having a free end, and poweroperated mechanism exerting a pull on the said free end to operate the belt conveyer apparatus including extension thereof to carry the material to the cars and deliver such material thereto one after another.

14:. In material handling apparatus, the combination with a train of cars, of conveyor apparatus comprising a belt having a single run and a free end, power-operated mechanism connected to the free end to extend the conveyer apparatus along the whole train of cars, and poweroperated mechanism for retracting said belt to effect delivery of the material to the cars without altering the positions thereof.

15. In loading apparatus, the combination with an extensible conveyor comprising a single belt having a free end, of means for delivering material thereto, and power-operated mechanism for exerting a pull on the free end of the belt to extend said conveyer and for delivering the material to a stationary train or" cars.

16. In material handling mechanism, the combination with an extensible conveyor comprising a traveling belt having a single run and a free end, of power-operated means for delivering material to said belt, and power-operated mechanism connected to the free end of said belt for extending said conveyer and efiecting delivery of the material to a stationary train of cars.

17. In material handling mechanism, the combination with an extensible receiving conveyer, comprising a single free-ended belt slidable over the mine bottom, of power-operated winding mechanism for retracting the same, an extensible delivering conveyer, a stationary train of cars, power-operated winding apparatus for extending and retracting said delivery conveyer along said train of cars, and an arcuate chute for directing material from said receiving conveyer to said delivery conveyer.

18. In material handling mechanism, the combination with an extensible conveyor comprising a travelling belt, of a train of cars having fiat floors, power-operated apparatus comprising winding mechanism and a rope connected between the same and the free end of said belt to pull the latter over the flat floors of said cars, and winding apparatus connected to the other end of said belt to retract the latter by sliding the same along said flat floors under the material to leave the latter in the cars.

19. In mine car loading apparatus, the combination with an extensible conveyor adapted to receive material at various distances from a predetermined location, of a chute for receiving material from said conveyor adjacent said location, an additional extensible conveyer for receiving material from said chute and transferring the same to various distances from said location, a trough train along the floor of Which said additional extensible conveyer is adapted to travel, and means for operating said additional conveyer to load the material into said trough train.

20. In mine car loading apparatus, the combination with an extensible conveyer, of winding mechanism therefor, a chute for receiving material from said conveyer, an additional extensible conveyer for receiving material from said chute, a trough train adapted to receive said additional extensible conveyer, additional winding mechanism, and connections between said additional winding mechanism and said additional extensible conveyer for operating the latter to deliver the material to said trough train.

21. In mine car loading apparatus, the combination with an extensible belt conveyer, of means for receiving material from said conveyer, an additional extensible belt conveyer, winding mechanism for said first-named conveyer, additional winding mechanism for said additional conveyer, a trough train having a flat floor for supporting and guiding said additional conveyer for movement into and along said trough train, and connections between said additional winding mechanism and said additional conveyor to operate the same to effect loading of said trough train.

22. In car loading apparatus, the combination with an extensible conveyer comprising a belt adapted to lie flat on a mine floor and slide over the same, of a train of cars having fiat floors, an additional extensible conveyer comprising a belt adapted to lie fiat on the floors of said cars, a chute for directing material from the first to the second conveyer, and poweroperated mechanism for operating said additional extensible conveyer by sliding its belt over the floors of said cars.

23. In mine car loading apparatus, the combination with a train of cars, of an extensible conveyer comprising a belt slidable over the floors of said cars, means for operating said conveyer by extending and retracting said belt over the floors of said cars, another extensible conveyer adapted to be extended and retracted relatively to said mine car floors to effect delivery of material to the latter, and mechanism establishing delivery communication between said second-named conveyer and the first-named conveyer.

24. In mine car loading apparatus, the combination with a train of cars having flat floors, or" a conveyor movable along said cars and comprising a pair of belts spaced-apart verticaily, an additional pair of belts spaced-apart horizontall and means for operating said lastnamed belts to deliver blocks of coal to said first-named belts, and means for operating said first-named belts to deliver said blocks of coal to said train of cars.

25. In material handling apparatus, the combination with an extensible conveyer for loading material into a train of cars while the whole train remains stationary, said extensible conveyer comprising a belt having a single run and a i use end, or" means for delivering material to 129 said extensible conveyer, power-operated mechanism connected to the free end of said belt for operating said conveyor including the extension thereof to deliver material to said train of cars While the latter remain stationary, and means 12 connected to the other end of said belt to retract the same to effect withdrawal thereof from the material delivered to said train of cars.

OLIVE EUGENIE MORGAN, Execut'ria: of the Estate of Edmond 0. Morgan, 30

Deceased. 

